Kuongororwa kwemhando dzezvinhu uye hunhu hwakakodzera tekinoroji yekudzimisa laser
I. Zvinhu zvesimbi zvine ferrous (parizvino ndizvo zvinonyanya kushandiswa)
1. Simbi yekabhoni iri pakati nepakati uye yakakwira (kabhoni iri mukati me0.3% ~ 0.8%), zvinhu zvakajairika:
45 simbi (simbi yemhando yepamusoro yesimbi yepakati-kabhoni), inonzi S45C muJIS standards, ASTM 1045/080M46, uye DIN C45, isimbi yepamusoro-soro yesimbi yekabhoni ine makemikari anotevera: 0.42-0.50% kabhoni (C), 0.17-0.37% silicon (Si), 0.50-0.80% manganese (Mn), uye ≤0.25% chromium (Cr). Iyi simbi ine simba rinoshanda zvakanaka inoratidza kushanda zvakanaka kunotonhora/kupisa, hunhu hwepamusoro hwemakanika, kushanda zvakanaka kwemari, uye kuwanikwa kwakafara, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri. Zvisinei, muganhu wayo mukuru uri mukuomarara kushoma, zvichiita kuti isakodzere kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoda saizi huru kana mwero wepamusoro.
Simbi yeT8: Simbi ye eutectoid carbon tool inoratidza kuomarara kwakanyanya uye kuramba kupfeka mushure mekudzima nekudziya, kunyangwe iine zvipingamupinyi zvinosanganisira kuomarara kushoma, kuomarara kushoma, uye kushanduka-shanduka kwekupisa panguva yekugadzira. Chinhu ichi chinoenderana nezvinodiwa zveGB/T 1298 series, chine kabhoni iri pakati pe0.75% ne0.84%, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kugadzira madhiri ekugadzira anotonhora uye maturusi ekucheka. Maitiro ekudzima anoda kutonhodzwa kwemvura pa780-800℃°C, ukuwo kupisa pamusoro pe250℃°C kuchivimbisa kugadzikana kwehukuru. Zvisinei, hazvikurudzirwi kune zvishandiso zvinoda kuramba kukanganiswa.
Simbi ye65Mn: Chigadzirwa chesimbi yechitubu chine simba guru mushure mekupisa uye kuomarara kunotonhora, zvichipa kuchinjika kwakanaka uye purasitiki. Pasi pemamiriro akafanana epamusoro uye kuomarara kwakazara, muganho wayo wekuneta unofanana newezvitubu zve alloy zvine mavara mashanu. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekusasimba kwakasimba, inonyanya kushandiswa kuzvitubu zvidiki zvakaita sezvitubu zvinogadzirisa kumanikidzwa/zvinodzora kumhanya, zvitubu zvinoyera simba, zvitubu zve denderedzwa/rectangular helical, kana zvitubu zvesimbi zvinodhonzwa newaya zvemichina midiki. Kuomarara: Kuomarara kwepamusoro kunosvika 55-65 HRC ine kudzika kwakasimba kwe 0.2 ~ 1.5mm, ine chimiro chakafanana che martensitic uye kuramba kupfeka kwakawedzera zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, hupenyu hwekupfeka hwesimbi 45 hunowedzera ka4-6 mushure mekudzima). Yakakodzera magiya, mapini, uye zvikamu zve shaft. Maitiro: Kukwana kwekabhoni kunoumba martensite yakawanda, iyo inopfuudzwa zvakakwana panguva yekupisa nekukurumidza kwe laser uye inoita shanduko yakazara kuburikidza nekudzima kwega kwega.
2. Simbi yesimbi yakagadzirwa neAlloy (wedzera Cr, Ni, Mo nezvimwe zvinhu), zvinhu zvakajairika:
40Cr: (40Cr inowira pasi pechikamu che "alloy structural steel" sezvakatsanangurwa muGB3077. Simbi iyi ine 0.37%-0.44% kabhoni, yakaderera zvishoma pane 45 steel, ine huwandu hwakafanana hweSi neMn. Ine 0.80%-1.10% Cr. Mukushandiswa kwekupisa, huwandu uhwu hwe1% Cr hahushande, sezvo mhando dzese dziri mbiri dzichiratidza hunhu hwakafanana hwemakanika. Zvichienderana nekuti 40Cr inodhura hafu yesimbi inosvika 45 steel, kufunga nezvemari kunowanzo tungamira pakushandisa 45 steel panzvimbo payo kana zvichibvira.
35CrMo: 35CrMo ikodhi yemhando yesimbi yakagadzirwa nesimbi (simbi yakadzima uye yakanyoroveswa), inoenderana neGerman standard 1.7220, British standard 708A37, French standard 35CD4, nezvimwewo, zvichienderana neGB/T 3077-2015. Ine kabhoni yakaenzana ne0.72%, kusakwanisa kusveta kunoda matanho ekupisa. Simbi iyi ine simba rakakwira uye kusimba kweinjini, ine simba rekudhonza ≥985MPa uye simba reinjini ≥835MPa, inokwanisa kutsungirira tembiricha dzekushanda kwenguva refu kusvika 500℃. Yakakodzera kugadzira zvinhu zvemakanika zvine mutoro wakawanda zvakaita semagiya emagiya, macrankshaft, marodhi ekubatanidza, uye maspindle eturbine esteam mumarolling mills.
20CrMnTi: Simbi yakakangwa ine kabhoni iri pakati pe0.17% ne0.24%, inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzira mota dzemagiya ekutumira. Sesimbi yakakangwa ine kabhoni iri pakati nepakati (Cr-Mn-Ti), inoratidza kuomarara kwakanyanya uku ichiramba yakasimba pakupisa kwakanyanya. Yakagadzirwa zvakanyanya kuti iome pamusoro pekabhoni, iyi simbi ine simba rakanaka rekugadzira uye isingakanganise kusimba kwemagetsi. Mashandisirwo ayo makuru anosanganisira kugadzira zvikamu zvemubato, zvikamu zvepiston, uye zvikamu zvemotokari nendege.
Kudzima mhedzisiro: kuomarara kunogona kusvika 60~70 HRC, kudzika kwechikamu chakaomarara 0.3~2mm, zvinhu zve alloy zvinovandudza kuomarara uye kuramba ngura (senge giya re35CrMo mushure mekudzima simba rekuneta rakawedzerwa ne30%).
Cherechedza: Kuwanda kwe alloy kunogona kuderedza mwero wekunyudzwa kwelaser, saka zvakakosha kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba kuburikidza nekurapa blackening (senge phosphate ne coating).
3. Simbi yakakandwa (simbi yakakandwa yegrey, simbi yakakandwa yeductile), zvinhu zvakajairika:
HT300: imhando yesimbi ine grey cast simbi ine simba guru, inoshandisa standard yenyika GB 9439-88, zita rayo rekuti "HT" rinomiririra grey cast simbi, "300" rinoratidza kuti simba rekudhonza retsvimbo yekuyedza ine dhayamita ye30mm i300MPa.
QT600-3: QT600-3 isimbi inonyungudutsa muviri weparera, ine simba repakati nepakati, yakasimba uye inopfava, inoshanda zvakakwana, inodzivirira kupfekwa zvakanaka uye inodzima vibration, ine hunhu hwakanaka hwekukanda. Inogona kushandura hunhu hwayo kuburikidza nekurapa kwakasiyana-siyana kwekupisa.
Kudzima mhedzisiro: kuomarara kwenzvimbo kunogona kusvika 45~55 HRC, kudzika kwechikamu chakaomarara 0.1~0.8mm, uye chimiro chemartensite + residual austenite chinoumbwa chakatenderedza chikamu chegraphite, izvo zvinowedzera kugona kwekudzivirira kukuya (semuenzaniso, friction coefficient ye machine tool guide rail mushure mekudzima inoderedzwa ne20%).
II. Simbi dzisina ferrous uye alloys dzadzo (nzvimbo dziri kubuda dzekushandisa)
1. Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V, nezvimwewo)
Titanium alloy isimbi yakagadzirwa muma1950, ine simba re titanium alloy, inodzivirira ngura, uye inodzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya.
Hunhu hwekuomesa: Kupisa kwelaser kunobatsira kuumbwa kwe supersaturated martensite pamusoro, uye kuomarara kunowedzerwa kubva pa300 HV kusvika 500 ~ 600 HV, ukuwo ichiramba yakasimba (yakakodzera kusimbisa blade reinjini yeaero).
Dambudziko rehunyanzvi: Titanium alloy ine laser reflectivity yakakwira (inenge 70%), saka mushonga wepamberi wepamusoro (sekuputira sandblasting) kana ultraviolet laser (wavelength 355nm, reflectivity iri pasi pe30%) inofanira kushandiswa.
2. Aruminiyamu chiwanikwa (2xxx series, 7xxx series)
Iyi imhando yealuminium-based alloy ine zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita semhangura, silicon, magnesium, zinc, uye manganese. Kuburikidza nekuchinja kwehuwandu hwezvinhu, inoumba 1XXX kusvika 8XXX series inofukidza industrial pure aluminium uye aluminium-copper alloys. State code system yayo yakavakirwa pamatunhu mashanu anosanganisira F (free machining) uye O (annealing), ine makodhi akadzama akadai seT6 anogonesa kudzora simba nemagadzirirwo ekudzivirira ngura.
Maitiro ekudzima: Kusimbiswa kwemhinduro yakasimba kunowanikwa nekupisa nekukurumidza kwelaser, uye metastable precipitated phase inoumbwa mushure mekudziya kwega (semuenzaniso, kuomarara kwe7075 aruminiyamu alloy kunowedzera kubva pa150 HV kusvika 220 HV mushure mekudzima).
Zvipingamupinyi zvekushandisa: Aruminiyamu ine simba guru rekupisa (kupisa kunokwana 200 W/m K), laser ine simba guru (≥2 kW) inodiwa kuti ione kuti kupisa kunoshanda zvakanaka, uye zviri nyore kugadzira shanduko yekupisa.
3. Zvidimbu zvesimbi (ndarira, bhuronzi)
Iyi imhando yesimbi inoumbwa nemhangura yakachena ine chimwe chinhu kana zvimwe. Mashandisirwo: Kuomesa pamusoro pezvinhu zvisingapfeki (semuenzaniso, mabheringi, mavharuvhu). Mushure mekudzima nelaser, pamusoro payo panoita chimiro chenanocrystalline, zvichiwedzera kuomarara ne15% kusvika 30%. Zvisinei, tembiricha yekupisa inofanira kudzorwa kudzivirira kupfava kwemhangura.
III. Zvinhu Zvakakosha Zvinoshanda
1. Zvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pakugadzira Metallurgy (semuenzaniso, zvinhu zvine chekuita nesimbi uye copper-based powder metallurgical components) Zvakanakira: Chimiro chine maburi chinogona kuchengetedza mafuta ekuzora, pamusoro pacho pachiva nekuwedzera kusimba mushure mekudzima nelaser. Kuomarara kunowedzera kubva pa20-30 HRC kusvika pa50-55 HRC, zvichiita kuti zvikwanise kushandiswa pakuzvizora mabheringi.
2. Zvinhu Zvinofukidza Pamusoro (semuenzaniso, machira ekupisa anopfapfaidza uye machira ekuvhara) Mashandisirwo Akajairika: Mushure mekudzima machira eWC-Co anopfapfaidzwa nelaser pamusoro pesimbi yekabhoni, chimiro chakabatanidzwa che "martensite matrix + cemented carbide phase" chinoumbwa, zvichiita kuti kuomarara kupfuure 1000 HV. Zvinhu izvi zvinoshandiswa muzvikamu zvisingapfeki zvemichina yekuchera.
IV. Zvinhu zvisina kukodzera kudzima nelaser
Simbi isina kabhoni yakawanda (kabhoni iri pasi pe0.3%): Nekuda kwekusakwana kwekabhoni, shanduko yemartensitic haina kukwana, zvichikonzera kusasimba zvakanaka (kuwedzera kwekuomarara
Simbi isina ngura yakachena ye austenitic (semuenzaniso, 316L): Haikwanise kuchinja hunyanzvi hwekugadzira martensitic. Kupisa nelaser kunongokonzera kuoma kwebasa asi kuomarara kuri kushoma (anenge 15% -20%).
Zvinhu zvePolymer (mapurasitiki, rabha): Kupisa nelaser kunowanzo kukonzera kunyunguduka kana kuora, zvichida dzimwe nzira dzekurapa pamusoro dzakadai sekurapa neplasma.
V. Pfupiso
Tekinoroji yekudzima laser inonyanya kushanda kune simbi dzine kabhoni ine mwero wepakati, simbi dzakagadzirwa ne alloy, uye simbi yakakandwa. Mumakore achangopfuura, mashandisirwo ayo akawedzera kusvika kusimbi dzisina ferrous dzakadai se titanium alloys uye alloys dzealuminium. Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu kunoda kutariswa kwakazara kwemazinga ekunyudzwa kwe laser, thermal conductivity, uye phase transition characteristics. Kugadziriswa kwema process parameter (semuenzaniso, simba uye kumhanya kwe scanning) pamwe chete ne surface pretreatments (blackening uye roughening) kunogona kuwedzera kushanda kwe quenching. Kune zvinhu zvisingadzime quenching senge low-carbon steels uye pure austenitic stainless steels, maitiro e composite (semuenzaniso, laser quenching pamwe chete ne surface alloying) kana mamwe maitiro ekurapa surface anokurudzirwa.